آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 7 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 102 |
| تعداد مقالات | 1,142 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 1,049,051 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 868,462 |
A Correlational Study of Expectancy Grammar’s Manifestation on Cloze Test and Lexical Collocational Density | ||
| Journal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances | ||
| مقاله 13، دوره 7، شماره 1، خرداد 2019، صفحه 175-189 اصل مقاله (483.2 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Research Article | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22049/jalda.2019.26517.1132 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| Kazem Pouralvar* | ||
| Assisstant Professor of TEFL, Faculty of Multimedia, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| The notion of expectancy grammar as a key to understanding the nature of psychologically real processes that underlie language use is introduced by Oller (1979). A central issue in this notion is that expectancy generating systems are constructed and modified in the course of language acquisition. Thus, one of the characteristics of language proficiency is that it consists of such an expectancy generating system. Therefore, it is claimed that for a proposed measure to qualify as a language test, it must invoke the expectancy system or grammar of the examinee.This article aimed at finding the relationship between textuality of a text and its realization in expectancy grammar. To this end, texts with high and low lexical collocational density (LCD) as a means of reaching textuality in a text are given to participants in the form of cloze test. Texts with high and low lexical collocational density were selected to act as cloze tests and administered on EFL learners. An independant t-test was used to analyse the mean of the scores obtained in pairs of low and high LCD texts. The results showd that texts with high lexical collocational density enjoy higher degrees of readibility and are suitable for cloze tests. In other words, the group who took cloze tests with high lexical collocational density outpeformed the group whose cloze tests had been prepared on texts with low lexical collocational density. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Expectancy Grammar؛ Cloze Test؛ Lexical Collocational Density؛ and Textuality | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Al-Zahrani, M.S. (1998). Knowledge of English lexical collocations among male Saudi college students ma-joring in English at a Saudi university.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA.
Amenorvi, C. R. (2018). Lexical cohesion and literariness in Malcolm X’s “The Ballot or the Bullet.”. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances, 6(1) 27-37.
Birch, D. (1989).Language, literature and critical practice. London: Routledge.
Candlin, C. N., &Lotfipour-Saedi, K. (1983).Process of discourse.Journal of Applied Language Study. 1(2) 103-133.
Carroll, J. B. (1961). Fundamental considerations in testing for English language proficiency of foreign students.In H. B. Allen and R. N. Campbell (Eds.), Testing the English Proficiency of Foreign Students (pp. 30–40). Washington, DC: Center of Applied Linguistics.
Carroll, J. B. (1968). The psychology of language testing. In A. Davies (Ed.), Language Testing Symposium: A Psycholinguistic Approach (pp. 46–69). London: Oxford University Press.
Elke, P. (2016). The learning burden of collocations: the role of interlexical and intralexical factors. Language Teaching Research. 20(1), 133-138.
Farhadi, H., Jafarpour, A., & Birjandi, P. (1994). Language skills testing: From theory to practice. Tehran, Iran: SAMT Publishers
Gorjani, B. (1996). The role of lexical collocations as a textual structure and its effect on cognitive processing in reading comprehension.Unpublished MA Dissertation. Tabriz: The University of Tabriz.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1961).Categories of the theory of grammar.Word 17 (3) 242–292.
Halliday,M.A.K. (1973).Explorations in the Functions of language. London:Edward Arnold..
Halliday,M.A.K.(1978).Language as a social semiotics: The social interpretation of language and meaning. London.Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1985). Dimensions of discourse analysis: Grammar. In T. A. van Dijk (Ed.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis 2.(pp. 10-11), Academic press.
Halliday ,M. A. K. (1985) Spoken and written language .Geelong:Deakin University Press.
Halliday, M.A.K., & Hasan, R.(1976).Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Hill, J. (2000). Revising priorities: From grammatical failure to collocational success. In M. Lewis (Ed.).Teaching Collocation Further Developments in the Lexical Approach (pp.47-69). Croatia: Heinle.
Keshavarz, M. H.,&Salimi, H. (2007). Collocational competence and cloze test performance: A study of Iranian EFL learners. InternationalJournal of Applied Linguistics, 17(1), 81-92.
Kintsch, W. (1982). Memory for text. In A. Flammer& W. Kintsch (Eds.),Discourse Processing: Advances in Psychology (pp. 187-204). North Holland Publishing.
Lado, R. (1961). Language Testing. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lotfipour, K. (1982). Applying an analysis of writer-reader discourse processes to pedagogy of reading.Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Lancaster.
Lotfipour, K. (1989). Analysing literary discourse: Implications for literary translation. Paper presented at the first Tabriz University Conference on Translation. Tabriz, Iran.
Lotfipour, K. (1997). Lexical cohesion and translation equivalence.META,45, 185-192.
McCarthy, M. (1990).Vocabulary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mohamadian, Z., & Sabbagh Shabestari, Sh. (2017). The effect of implicit input enhancement on learning grammatical collocations. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances, 5(2) 81-90.
Nesselhauf, N. (2003). The use of collocations by advanced learners of English and some implications for teaching.Applied Linguistics, 24 (2), 223–242.
Oller, J. W. (1979).Language Tests at School. Longman Group Ltd.
Oller, J. W. (1983).Issues in language testing research. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House.
Sadighi, S., &Sahragard, R. (2013).The effect of lexical collocational density on the Iranian EFL learners’ reading comprehension.The Journal of Teaching Language Skills. 5(1), 111-136.
Sung, J. (2003).English lexical collocations and their relation to spoken fluency of adult non-native speakers.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA.
van Dijk, T.A. (1972). Some aspect of text grammars.The Hague: Bouton.
van Dijk, T.A. (1977). Text and context. London: Longman.
van Dijk, T.A., &Kintsch, W. (1983).Strategies of discourse comprehension. New York: Academic Press.
Widdowson, H.G. (1975). Stylistics and the teaching of literature. London: Longman.
Zhang, X. (1993).English collocations and their effect on the writing of native and non-native college fresh-men.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 776 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 905 |
||