آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 6 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 122 |
| تعداد مقالات | 1,538 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 1,626,421 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 1,523,986 |
Structuring Racist Ideologies in Stephen Crane’s “A Dark Brown Dog”: A Critical Discourse Analysis | ||
| Journal of Applied Linguistics and Applied Literature: Dynamics and Advances | ||
| مقاله 3، دوره 5، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 10، آذر 2017، صفحه 15-46 اصل مقاله (894.69 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Research Article | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22049/jalda.2018.26344.1093 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| Taher Ben Khalifa* | ||
| Associate Professor of English Linguistics, Department of English, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| This paper deals with the study of how racist ideologies are constructed in Crane’s “A Dark Brown Dog” using the CDA framework. Benefitting from the approaching between literature and linguistics, it focuses on the linguistic examination of the (re)construction of whiteness and blackness based on the assumption that racism is: a social, a discursive, and an ideological construct. This tri-dimensional construct is treated within a theoretical triangulation ranging from cognition, society, and discourse. Based on the view of discourse as a process of coding and decoding of meaning, the text of this story is explored at various levels of language use: a) contextual analysis focuses on the study of how the depiction of the setting and the characters serves to draw the scene of racial inequality; b) textual analysis deals with the way narration contributes to the (re)production of racism; and c) identity analysis is devoted to the study of how racial identity evolves across generations. The results showed that: first, the representation of the characters highlights the binary structure of the southern American society marked by the inferiority of the blacks and the superiority of the whites. Second, the way actions and events are narrated reflects the unequal distribution of power between blacks and whites. The existing asymmetry of power is traced in the duality of punishment and obedience. Third, the racist ideologies and race relations evolve across generations depending on: the amalgamations happening at the family level, the evolution of society, and the evolution of its legislations. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Literary discourse؛ racism؛ Ideologies؛ whiteness؛ blackness؛ and slavery | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Bhabha, H. K. (1998). “The White Stuff (Political Aspects of Whiteness)”. Art Forum International, 36(9), 21-23. Chilton, P. (1985). “Words, Discourse and Metaphors: The Meanings of Deter, Deterrent and Deterrence”. In Chilton, P. (Ed.), Language and the Nuclear Arms Debate: Nuke Speak Today, (pp. 103-127). London: Pinter. Chilton, P. (2004). Analyzing Political Discourse: Theory and Practice.London: Routledge. Chilton, P. (2010). “The Language – Ethics Interface: Reflections in Linguistics, Discourse Analysis and the Legacy of Habermas’ ”. In De Cillia, R., Gruber, H., Krzyzanowski, M., &Menz, F. (Ed.).Discourse – Politics – Identity(pp. 33 – 43). Vienna: StauffenburgVerlag. Crane, S. (1991). A Dark Brown Dog. US: Cosmopolitan. Essed, P. (1991).Understanding Everyday Racism: An-Interdisciplinary Theory. Sage Newbury Park, CA. Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and Power.London: Longman.
Fairclough, N. (1995).Critical Discourse Analysis: Papers in the Critical Study of Language. London: Longman.
Fairclough, N. (2003). Analyzing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research.London: Routledge.
Fowler, R. (1991).Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. London: Routledge. Frankenberg, R. (1993). White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Gidden, A. (1984). The Constitution of Society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Guess, T. J. (2006). “The Social Construction of Whiteness: Racism by Intent, Racism by Consequence”, Critical Sociology, 32(4), 659-673. Hartmann, P. & Husband, C. (1974).Racism and the Mass Media. Davis-Poynter: London. Hutcheon, L. (1991). Discourse, Power, Ideology: Humanism and Post-Modernism. New York: Routledge. Martin, J. R. (2004). “Positive Discourse Analysis: Power, Solidarity and Change.” RevistaCanaria de EstudiosIngleses, 49, 179 – 200.
Martin, J. R. (2008). “Intermodal Reconciliation: Mates in Arms”. In Len Unsworth (ed.), New Literacies and the English Curriculum: Multimodal Perspectives, (pp. 112- 148). London: Continuum.
Maingueneau, D. (2010). “Literature and DiscourseAnalysis”. ActaLinguisticaHafniensia, 42, 147-157.
Nelson, J. K. (2013). “Denial of Racism and its Implications for Local Action”.Discourse and society, 24(1), 89-109.
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2007). New York: Oxford University Press.
Roediger, D. (1991). The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. New York, NY: Verso.
Thompson, K. W. (1987). (Ed.). The History and Philosophy of Rhetoric and Political Discourse.Washington: DC University Press of America. Titscher, S., Meyer, M., Wodak, R. & Vetter, E. (2000) Methods of Text and Discourse Analysis. London: Sage.
Van Dijk, T. A. (1984). Prejudice in Discourse. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Van Dijk, T. A. (1987). Schoolvoorbeelden Van Racism: De Reproktie Van Racism in Maatschappijleerboeken (Teztbook Examples of Racism: The Reproduction of Racism in Social Science textbooks). Amsterdam: SocialistscheUitgeverij Amsterdam.
Van Dijk, T. A. (1989a). “Race, Riots and the Press. An Analysis of Editorials in the British Press about the 1985 Disorders”, Gazette, 43, 229-253. Van Dijk, T. A. (1989b). “Structures of Discourse and Structures of Power”.In Anderson, J. A. (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 12, (pp. 18-59). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Van Dijk, T. A. (1991). Racism and the Press. London: Routledge. Van Dijk, T. A. (1992). “Discourse and the Denial of Racism”.Discourse and Society, 3(1), 87-118. Van Dijk, T. A. (1993a). Elite Discourse and Racism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Van Dijk, T. A. (1993b). “Stories and Racism”. In Mumby, D. (Ed.), Narrative and Social Control, (pp. 121-142). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Van Dijk, T. A. (1993c). “Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis”.Discourse and Society.London. Newbury Park and New Delhi: Sage, 4 (2), 249- 283. Van Dijk, T. A. (1995). “Discourse Analysis as Ideology Analysis”.In Schäffner, C. &Wenden, A. (Eds.), Language and Peace , (pp. 17-33). Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing. Van Dijk, T.A. (1997).“Political Discourse and Racism: Describing Others in Western Parliaments”. In S.H. Riggins (ed.), The Language and Politics of Exclusion, (pp. 31-64). London: Sage.
Van Dijk, T. A. (2000). “The Reality of Racism”. In Van Oostendorp, H. & Susan Goldman (Eds.), The Construction of Mental Representations during Reading, (pp. 123-148). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Van Dijk, T. A. (2004). “RacistDiscourse”. In Cashmore, E. (Ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies, (pp. 351-355). London: Routledge. Van Dijk, T. A. (2006). “Ideology and Discourse Analysis”. Journal of Political Ideologies, 11(2), 115-140. Van Dijk, T. A. (2009). “Critical discourse Analysis: A sociocognitive Approach”. In Wodak, R. & Meyer, M. (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis (pp. 62-86). London: Sage.
Van Dijk, T. A. &Wodak, R. (2000). (Eds). Racism at the Top.Parliamentary Debate Discourse on Ethnic Issues in Six European Countries. Klagenfurt: Drava Verlag. Wodak, R. (1996). Disorders of Discourse.London: Longman. Wodak, R. (2007). “Pragmatics and Critical Discourse Analysis: A Cross-Disciplinary Enquiry”. Pragmatics and Cognition, 15 (1), 203-225. Wright, E. O. (2003). Social Classes. Department of Sociology University of Wisconsin: Madison. Retrieved From: https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~wright/Social%20Class%20--%20Sage.pdf
Wilson, W. J. (1999). “The Bridge over the Racial Divide”: Rising Inequality and Coalition Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 2,141 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,405 |
||