High and Low Achieving Online Graduate Students’ Learning Styles and Strategies

Akdemir, O., & Koszalkab, T. A. (2008). Investigating the relationships among instructional strategies and learning styles in online environments. Computers & Education, 50(4), 1451–1461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2007.01.004

Allen, E., & Seaman, J. (2017). Digital learning compass: Distance education enrollment report. Babson College, Babson Survey Research Group.

Barcroft, J. (2009). Strategies and performance in intentional L2 vocabulary learning. Language Awareness, 18(1), 74-89. https://doi.org//10.1080/09658410802557535

Barnard, L., Lan, W. Y., To, Y. M., Paton, V. O., & Lai, S.-L. (2009). Measuring self-regulation in online and blended learning environments. The Internet and Higher Education, 12(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2008.10.005 

Barnard, L., Paton, V., & Lan, W. (2008). Online self-regulatory learning behaviors as a mediator in the relationship between online course perceptions with achievement. Open and Distance Learning, 9(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v9i2.516

Barnard-Brak, L., Lan, W. Y., & Paton, V. O. (2010). Profiles in self-regulated learning in the online learning environment. Open and Distance Learning, 11(1), 61-78. /https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v11i1.769

Butler, R. (1987). Task-involving and ego-involving properties of evaluation: Effects of different feedback conditions on motivational perceptions, interest, and performance.  Educational Psychology, 79(4), 474–482. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.79.4.474

Cohen, A. D., Oxford, R. L., & Chi, J. C. (2009). Learning style survey: Assessing your own learning styles. In B. Kappler Mikk, A. D. Cohen, R. M. Paige, J. C. Chi, J. P. Lassegard, M. Maegher, & S. J. Weaver (Eds.), Maximizing study abroad: An instructional guide to strategies for language and culture learning and use (pp. 153-161). CARLA.

Curry, L. (1983). An organization of learning styles theory and constructs. Educational Research Information Centre (ERIC).

Dorça, F. A., Lima, L. V., Fernandes, M. A., & Lopes, C. R. (2013). Comparing strategies for modeling students’ learning styles through reinforcement learning in adaptive and intelligent educational systems. Expert Systems with Applications, 40(6), 2092-2101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2012.10.014 

Doulik, P., Skoda, J., & Šimonová, I. (2017). Learning styles in the e-learning environment: The approaches and research on longitudinal changes. International Journal of Distance Education Technologies, 15(2), 45-61.  https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDET.2017040104

Ehrman, M. E., & Leaver, B. L. (2003). Cognitive styles in the service of language learning. System, 31(3), 393–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(03)00050-2 

Ehrman, E., Leaver, B. L., & Oxford, R. L. (2003). A brief overview of individual differences in second language learning. System, 31, 313–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(03)00045-9

El‑Sabagh, H. A. (2021). Adaptive e‑learning environment based on learning styles and its impact on development students’ engagement. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00289-4 

Felder, R. M., & Silverman, L. K. (1988). Learning styles and teaching styles in engineering education. Engineering Education, 78, 674–681.

Felder, R. M., & Soloman, B. A. (1997). Index of learning styles questionnaire. North Carolina State University.

Felix, U. (2001). A multivariate analysis of students’ experience of web-based learning. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 17(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.1770

Ford, N., & Chen, S. Y. (2000). Individual differences, hypermedia navigation and learning: An empirical study. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 9(4), 281-311.

Friedman, J. (2016). Examine the benefits, drawbacks of online learning for introverts. U.S. News and World Report.

Furnham, A., Monsen, J., & Ahmetoglu, G. (2009). Typical intellectual engagement, big five personality traits, approaches to learning and cognitive ability predictors of academic performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 769–782. https://doi.org/10.1348/978185409X412147

Fuster, B. (2017). Pick an online program as an introvert, extravert. U.S. News and World Report.

Gadzella, B. M., Ginther, D. W., & Bryant, G. W. (1997). Prediction of performance in an academic course by scores on measures of learning style and critical thinking. Psychological Reports, 81(2), 595–602.

García, P., Amandi, A., Schiaffino, S., & Campo, M. (2007). Evaluating Bayesian networks’ precision for detecting students’ learning styles. Computers & Education, 49(3), 794-808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2005.11.017 

George, G., & Lal, A. M. (2019). Review of ontology-based recommender systems in e-learning. Computers & Education, 142, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103642

Goda, Y., Yamada, M., Kato, H., Matsuda, T., Saito, Y., & Miyagawa, H. (2015). Procrastination and other learning behavioral types in e-learning and their relationship with learning outcomes. Learning and Individual Differences, 37, 72-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.11.001 

Gökçearslan, S., & Alper, A. (2015). The effect of locus of control on learners' sense of community and academic success in the context of online learning communities. Internet and Higher Education, 27, 64- 73. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.06.003 

Goldstein, J. (1998). The case for learning styles. Training and Development, 52(9), 36-37.

Graf, S., & Kinshuk, J. (2006). Considering learning styles in learning management systems: Investigating the behavior of students in an online course. Proceedings of the First IEEE International Workshop on Semantic Media Adaptation and Personalization (SMAP06), 25-30, Atens, Greek. https://doi.org/10.1109/SMAP.2006.13

Graf, S., Viola, S. R., Leo, T., & Kinshuk, J. (2007). In-depth analysis of the Felder-Silverman learning style dimensions. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 40(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2007.10782498 

Gregorc, A. (1982). ORGANON: An adult’s guide to style. Gregorc Associates Inc.

Honey, P., & Mumford, A. (1986). Using your learning styles. Peter Honey Publications.

Honey, P., & Mumford, A. (1992). The manual of learning styles. Peter Honey Publications.

Hsu, L. (2015). An empirical examination of EFL learners’ perceptual learning styles and acceptance of ASR-based computer-assisted pronunciation training. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 29(5), 881-900. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2015.1069747 

Huang, E. Y., Lin, W. S., & Huang, T. K. (2012). What type of learning style leads to online participation in the mixed-mode e-learning environment? Computers & Education, 58, 338–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.08.003

Işık, N. (2019). Learning styles of students and their attitude toward computer assisted language learning. International E-Journal of Advances in Education, 14, 238-249. https://doi.org/10.18768/IJAEDU.593479

Jackson, C., Baguma, P., & Furnham, A. (2009). Predicting grade point average from the hybrid model of learning in personality: Consistent findings from Ugandan and Australian students. Educational Psychology, 29(7), 747–759. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410903254583

Jung, C. G. (1990). Psychological types. Bollingen.

Kauffman, H. (2015). A review of predictive factors of student success in and satisfaction with online learning. Research in Learning Technology, 23, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v23.26507

Kerr, M. S., Rynearson, K., & Kerr, M. (2006). Student characteristics for online learning success. The Internet and Higher Education, 9, 91-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IHEDUC.2006.03.002

Kim. (2001). Implications of user characteristics in information seeking on the World Wide Web. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 13(3), 323–340. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327590IJHC1303_3

Kolb, D. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice Hall.

Kuljis, J., & Liu, F. (2005). A comparison of learning style theories on the suitability for e-learning.  In M. H. Hamza (Ed.), Web technologies, applications, and services (pp. 191-197). ACTA Press.

Kuo, Y.-C., Walker, A. E., Schroder, K. E. E., & Belland, B. R. (2014). Interaction, Internet self-efficacy, and self-regulated learning as predictors of student satisfaction in online education courses. The Internet and Higher Education, 20, 35-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.10.001 

Kurilovas, E., & Juskeviciene, A. (2015). Creation of Web 2.0 tools ontology to improve learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 1380–1386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.026

Lai, Y. C. (2009). Language learning strategy use and English proficiency of university freshmen in Taiwan. TESOL Quarterly: A Journal for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages and of Standard English as a Second Dialect, 43(2), 255-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-014-0200-7

Lee, R. (2006). Effective learning outcomes of ESL elementary and secondary school students utilizing educational technology infused with constructivist pedagogy. International Journal of Instructional Media, 33(1), 87-94.

Lin, C. F., Yeh, Y., Zhung, Y. H., & Zheng, R. I. (2017). The roles of learning strategies and motivation in online language learning: A structural equation modeling analysis. Computers & Education,113, 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.05.014

Liu, X. J., Magjuka, R. J., & Lee, S. H. (2008). The effects of cognitive thinking styles, trust, conflict management on online students’ learning and virtual team performance. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39(5), 829–846. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2007.00775.x 

Liu, M., & Reed, W. M. (1994). The relationship between the learning strategies and learning style in a hypermedia environment. Computers in Human Behavior, 10(4), 419–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/0747-5632(94)90038-8 

Lumsdaine, M., & Lumsdaine, E. (1993). Thinking preferences of engineering students: Implications for curriculum restructuring. Journal of Engineering, 84(2), 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-9830.1995.tb00166.x 

Mezei, G. (2008). Motivation and self-regulated learning: A case study of a pre-intermediate and an upper-intermediate adult student. Working Papers in Language Pedagogy, 2, 79-104.

O’Donnell, A. M., & Kelly, A. E. (2001). The effects of prior knowledge and goal strength on the use of hypertext. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 10(1), 3–25.

Pala, K. F., & Erdem, M. (2020). Development of a participation style scale for online instructional discussions. Education Tech Research Dev, 68, 3213-3233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09817-x 

Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., & Bjork, R. (2009). Learning styles: Concepts and evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9(3), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x 

Phoha, V. V. (1999). Can a course be taught entirely via e-mail? Communications of the ACM, 42(9), 29–30.

Popescu, E. (2010). Adaptation provisioning with respect to learning styles in a Web-based educational system. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 26, 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2010.00364.x

Reichelt, M., Kämmerer, F., Niegemann, H. M., & Zander, S. (2014). Talk to me personally: Personalization of language style in computer-based learning, Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 199–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.005

Riding, R. J. (1991). Cognitive styles analysis. Learning and Training Technology.

Riding, R., & Rayner, S. (1998). Cognitive style and learning strategies. David Fulton Publishers.

Ryan, E., & Poole, C. (2019). Impact of virtual learning environment on students’ satisfaction, engagement, recall, and retention. Journal of Medical Imagine and Radiation Science, 50(3), 408-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmir.2019.04.005 

Sahragard, R., Khajavi, Y., & Abbasian, R. (2016).  Field of study, learning styles, and language learning strategies of university students: Are there any relations? Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 10(3), 255-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2014.976225 

Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2012). Motivation and self-regulated Learning: Theory, research, and applications. Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203831076 

Shaw, R. (2012). A study of the relationships among learning styles, participation types, and performance in programming language learning supported by online forums. Computers & Education, 58, 111-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.08.013

Shih, C., Gamon, J., & Emeritus, P. (2001). Web-based learning: Relationships among student’s motivation, attitude, learning styles and achievement. Journal of Agricultural Education, 42, 12-20. https://doi.org/10.5032/JAE.2001.04012

Soflano, M., Connolly, T. M., & Hainey, T. (2015). An application of adaptive games-based learning based on learning style to teach SQL. Computers & Education, 86(8), 192-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.03.015 

Truong, H. M. (2016). Integrating learning styles and adaptive e-learning system: Current developments, problems and opportunities. Computers in Human Behavior 55, 1185–1193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.014 

Tsuda, A., & Nakata, Y. (2013). Exploring self-regulation in language learning: A study of Japanese high school EFL students. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 7(1), 72-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2012.686500 

Tucker, S. Y. (2000). Assessing the effectiveness of distance education versus traditional on-campus education. Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.

Uysal, M. P., & Yalın, H. İ. (2012). The effects of instructional software designed in accordance with instructional transaction theory on achievements of students. International Journal of Human Sciences, 9(1),185–204. Retrieved from https://j-humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/IJHS/article/view/2071 

Vandergrift, L. (2005). Relationships among motivation orientations, metacognitive awareness and proficiency in L2 listening. Applied Linguistics, 26(1),70-89. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amh039 

Zapalska, A., & Brozik, D. (2006). Learning styles and online education. Campus-Wide Information Systems, 23(5), 325-335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650740610714080 

Zhang, D., Zhou, L., Briggs, R. O., & Nunamaker, J. F. (2006). Instructional video in e-learning: Assessing the impact of interactive video on learning effectiveness. Information and Management, 43, 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2005.01.004 

Zhao, Y., Lei, J., Yan, B., Lai, C., & Tan, H. S. (2005). What makes the difference? A practical analysis of research on the effectiveness of distance education. Teachers College Record, 107(8), 1836-884. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9620.2005.00544.x